Sigman, D.M., and G.H. Haug. 2003. The Biological Pump in the Past. Treatise on Geochemistry. Vol. 6-9. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06118-1.

Sigman, D.M., A.M. De Boer, and G.H. Haug. 2007. Antarctic Stratification, Atmospheric Water Vapor, and Heinrich Events: A Hypothesis for Late Pleistocene Deglaciations. Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts - Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning. American Geophysical Union. doi:10.1029/173GM21.

Galbraith, E.D., D.M. Sigman, R.S. Robinson, and T.F. Pedersen. 2008. Nitrogen in Past Marine Environments. Nitrogen in the Marine Environment. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-372522-6.00034-7.

Sigman, D.M., K.L. Karsh, and K.L. Casciotti. 2009. Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00632-9.

Hain, M.P., D.M. Sigman, and G.H. Haug. 2013. The Biological Pump in the Past. Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition. Vol. 8. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00618-5.

Sigman, D.M., and F. Fripiat. 2019. Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11605-7.

Hain, M.P., and D.M. Sigman. 2024. CO2 in Earth’s Ice Age Cycles. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Referenced from oxfordre.com: CO2 in Earth’s Ice Age Cycles.

Zhang, E.J., F. Nuruzzaman, Y. Wang, D.M. Sigman, and G. Wysocki. 2014. “Isotopic Ratiometry of Nitric Oxide Using a Dual-Modulation Faraday Rotation Spectrometer”. In Optics InfoBase Conference Papers. Optical Society of America (OSA). doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2014.sm1e.2.

Zhang, E.J., F. Nuruzzaman, Y. Wang, D.M. Sigman, and G. Wysocki. 2014. “Isotopic Ratiometry of Nitric Oxide Using a Dual-Modulation Faraday Rotation Spectrometer”. In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest. Vol. 2014-January. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. Referenced from www.scopus.com: Isotopic ratiometry of nitric oxide using a dual-modulation faraday rotation spectrometer.

Zhang, E.J., D.M. Sigman, and G. Wysocki. 2016. “Analysis of Nitric Oxide Isotopes via Differential Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy”. In 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. doi:10.1364/cleo_at.2016.ath3j.3.

François, R., M.A. Altabet, E.-F. Yu, D.M. Sigman, M.P. Bacon, M. Frank, G. Bohrmann, G. Bareille, and L.D. Labeyrie. 1997. “Contribution of Southern Ocean Surface-Water Stratification to Low Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations During the Last Glacial Period”. Nature 389. Nature Publishing Group: 929-35. doi:10.1038/40073.

Webb, R.S., D.H. Rind, S.J. Lehman, R.J. Healy, and D.M. Sigman. 1997. “Influence of Ocean Heat Transport on the Climate of the Last Glacial Maximum”. Nature 385: 695-99. doi:10.1038/385695a0.

Sigman, D.M., M.A. Altabet, R. Michener, D.C. McCorkle, B. Fry, and R.M. Holmes. 1997. “Natural Abundance-Level Measurement of the Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Oceanic Nitrate: An Adaptation of the Ammonia Diffusion Method”. Marine Chemistry 57: 227-42. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00009-1.

Haug, G.H., T.F. Pedersen, D.M. Sigman, S.E. Calvert, B. Nielsen, and L.C. Peterson. 1998. “Glacial/Interglacial/Variations/in/Production/and/Nitrogen/Fixation/in/the/Cariaco/Basin/During/the/Last/580/Kyr”. Paleoceanography 13. American Geophysical Union: 427-32. doi:10.1029/98PA01976.

Hughen, K.A., J.T. Overpeck, S.J. Lehman, M. Kashgarian, J.R. Southon, L.C. Peterson, R. Alley, and D.M. Sigman. 1998. “Deglacial Changes in Ocean Circulation from an Extended Radiocarbon Calibration”. Nature 391: 65-68. doi:10.1038/34150.

Sigman, D.M., D.C. McCorkle, and W.R. Martin. 1998. “The Calcite Isyocline As a Constraint on Glacial Interglacial Low-Latitude Production Changes”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12. American Geophysical Union: 409-27. doi:10.1029/98GB01184.

Holmes, R.M., J.W. McClelland, D.M. Sigman, B. Fry, and B.J. Peterson. 1998. “Measuring 15N-NH4 + in Marine, Estuarine and Fresh Waters: An Adaptation of the Ammonia Diffusion Method for Samples With Low Ammonium Concentrations”. Marine Chemistry 60: 235-43. doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00099-6.

Altabet, M.A., C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D.M. Sigman, F. Chavez, and R. François. 1999. “The Nitrogen Isotope Biogeochemistry of Sinking Particles from the Margin of the Eastern North Pacific”. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 46: 655-79. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00084-3.

Sigman, D.M., M.A. Altabet, R. François, D.C. McCorkle, and J.-F. Gaillard. 1999. “The Isotopic Composition of Diatom-Bound Nitrogen in Southern Ocean Sediments”. Paleoceanography 14: 118-34. doi:10.1029/1998PA900018.

Haug, G.H., D.M. Sigman, R. Tiedemann, T.F. Pedersen, and M. Sarnthein. 1999. “Onset of Permanent Stratification in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean”. Nature 401: 779-82. doi:10.1038/44550.

Pride, C., R. Thunell, D.M. Sigman, L.D. Keigwin, M.A. Altabet, and E. Tappa. 1999. “Nitrogen Isotopic Variations in the Gulf of California since the Last Deglaciation: Response to Global Climate Change”. Paleoceanography 14. Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 397-409. doi:10.1029/1999PA900004.

Sigman, D.M., and E.A. Boyle. 2000. “Glacial/Interglacial/Variations/in/Atmospheric/Carbon/Dioxide”. Nature 407: 859-69. doi:10.1038/35038000.

Sigman, D.M., M.A. Altabet, D.C. McCorkle, R. François, and G. Fischer. 2000. “The δ15N of Nitrate in the Southern Ocean: Nitrogen Cycling and Circulation in the Ocean Interior”. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 105. Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 19599-614. doi:10.1029/2000jc000265.

Sigman, D.M., and E.A. Boyle. 2001. “Palaeoceanography: Antarctic Stratification and Glacial CO2”. Nature 412: 606. doi:10.1038/35088132.

Haug, G.H., K.A. Hughen, D.M. Sigman, L.C. Peterson, and U. Röhl. 2001. “Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene”. Science 293: 1304-8. doi:10.1126/science.1059725.

Sigman, D.M., K.L. Casciotti, M. Andreani, C. Barford, M. Galanter, and J.K. Böhlke. 2001. “A Bacterial Method for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Nitrate in Seawater and Freshwater”. Analytical Chemistry 73: 4145-53. doi:10.1021/ac010088e.

Carrillo, J.H., M.G. Hastings, D.M. Sigman, and B.J. Huebert. 2002. “Atmospheric Deposition of Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen and Base Cations in Hawaii”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16. American Geophysical Union: 24-1. doi:10.1029/2002gb001892.

Casciotti, K.L., D.M. Sigman, M.G. Hastings, J.K. Böhlke, and A. Hilkert. 2002. “Measurement of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Nitrate in Seawater and Freshwater Using the Denitrifier Method”. Analytical Chemistry 74: 4905-12. doi:10.1021/ac020113w.

Pantoja, S., D.J. Repeta, J.P. Sachs, and D.M. Sigman. 2002. “Stable Isotope Constraints on the Nitrogen Cycle of the Mediterranean Sea Water Column”. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 49: 1609-21. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00066-3.

Tortell, P.D., G.R. DiTullio, D.M. Sigman, and F.M.M. Morel. 2002. “CO2 Effects on Taxonomic Composition and Nutrient Utilization in an Equatorial Pacific Phytoplankton Assemblage”. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236. Inter-Research: 37-43. doi:10.3354/meps236037.

Brzezinski, M.A., C.J. Pride, V.M. Franck, D.M. Sigman, J.L. Sarmiento, K. Matsumoto, N. Gruber, G.H. Rau, and K.H. Coale. 2002. “A Switch from Si(OH)4 to NO-3 Depletion in the Glacial Southern Ocean”. Geophysical Research Letters 29. American Geophysical Union: 5-1. doi:10.1029/2001gl014349.

Karl, D., A. Michaels, B. Bergman, D. Capone, E. Carpenter, R. Letelier, F. Lipschultz, H. Paerl, D.M. Sigman, and L. Stal. 2002. “Dinitrogen Fixation in the World S Oceans”. Biogeochemistry 57-58: 47-98. doi:10.1023/A:1015798105851.

Hastings, M.G., D.M. Sigman, and F. Lipschultz. 2003. “Isotopic Evidence for Source Changes of Nitrate in Rain at Bermuda”. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108. Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 22-1. doi:10.1029/2003jd003789.

Sigman, D.M., S.J. Lehman, and D.W. Oppo. 2003. “Evaluating Mechanisms of Nutrient Depletion and 13C Enrichment in the Intermediate-Depth Atlantic During the Last Ice Age”. Paleoceanography 18. American Geophysical Union: 17-1. doi:10.1029/2002pa000818.

Karsh, K.L., T.W. Trull, M.J. Lourey, and D.M. Sigman. 2003. “Relationship of Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation to Phytoplankton Size and Iron Availability During the Southern Ocean Iron RElease Experiment (SOIREE)”. Limnology and Oceanography 48. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Inc.: 1058-68. doi:10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1058.

Lourey, M.J., T.W. Trull, and D.M. Sigman. 2003. “Sensitivity of δ15N of Nitrate, Surface Suspended and Deep Sinking Particulate Nitrogen to Seasonal Nitrate Depletion in the Southern Ocean”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17. American Geophysical Union: 7-1. doi:10.1029/2002gb001973.

Haug, G.H., D. Günther, L.C. Peterson, D.M. Sigman, K.A. Hughen, and B. Aeschlimann. 2003. “Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”. Science 299: 1731-35. doi:10.1126/science.1080444.

Sigman, D.M., R.S. Robinson, A.N. Knapp, A. van Geen, D.C. McCorkle, J.A. Brandes, and R.C. Thunell. 2003. “Distinguishing Between Water Column and Sedimentary Denitrification in the Santa Barbara Basin Using the Stable Isotopes of Nitrate”. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4. doi:10.1029/2002GC000384.

Saito, M.A., D.M. Sigman, and F.M.M. Morel. 2003. “The Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Ancient Ocean: The Co-Evolution of Cyanobacterial Metal Requirements and Biogeochemical Cycles at the Archean-Proterozoic Boundary?”. Inorganica Chimica Acta 356. Elsevier S.A.: 308-18. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(03)00442-0.

Casciotti, K.L., D.M. Sigman, and B.B. Ward. 2003. “Linking Diversity and Stable Isotope Fractionation in Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria”. Geomicrobiology Journal 20: 335-53. doi:10.1080/01490450303895.

Granger, J., D.M. Sigman, J.A. Needoba, and P.J. Harrison. 2004. “Coupled Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation of Nitrate During Assimilation by Cultures of Marine Phytoplankton”. Limnology and Oceanography 49. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Inc.: 1763-73. doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1763.

Needoba, J.A., D.M. Sigman, and P.J. Harrison. 2004. “The Mechanism of Isotope Fractionation During Algal Nitrate Assimilation As Illuminated by the 15N 14N of Intracellular Nitrate”. Journal of Phycology 40. Blackwell Publishing Inc.: 517-22. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03172.x.

Thunell, R.C., D.M. Sigman, F. Muller-Karger, Y. Astor, and R. Varela. 2004. “Nitrogen Isotope Dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: 1-13. doi:10.1029/2003GB002185.

Deutsch, C., D.M. Sigman, R.C. Thunell, A.N. Meckler, and G.H. Haug. 2004. “Isotopic Constraints on Glacial Interglacial Changes in the Oceanic Nitrogen Budget”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: 1-22. doi:10.1029/2003GB002189.

Robinson, R.S., B.G. Brunelle, and D.M. Sigman. 2004. “Revisiting Nutrient Utilization in the Glacial Antarctic: Evidence from a New Method for Diatom-Bound N Isotopic Analysis”. Paleoceanography 19: 1-13. doi:10.1029/2003PA000996.

Lehmann, M.F., D.M. Sigman, and W.M. Berelson. 2004. “Coupling the 15N 14N and 18O 16O of Nitrate As a Constraint on Benthic Nitrogen Cycling”. Marine Chemistry 88: 1-20. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.02.001.

Sigman, D.M., S.L. Jaccard, and G.H. Haug. 2004. “Polar Ocean Stratification in a Cold Climate”. Nature 428: 59-63. doi:10.1038/nature02357.

Hastings, M.G., E.J. Steig, and D.M. Sigman. 2004. “Seasonal Variations in N and O Isotopes of Nitrate in Snow at Summit, Greenland: Implications for the Study of Nitrate in Snow and Ice Cores”. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 109: 1-11. doi:10.1029/2004JD004991.

Jaccard, S.L., G.H. Haug, D.M. Sigman, T.F. Pedersen, H.R. Thierstein, and U. Röhl. 2005. “Glacial/Interglacial/Changes/in/Subarctic/North/Pacific/Stratification”. Science 308: 1003-6. doi:10.1126/science.1108696.

Lehmann, M.F., D.M. Sigman, D.C. McCorkle, B.G. Brunelle, S. Hoffmann, M. Kienast, G. Cane, and J. Clement. 2005. “Origin of the Deep Bering Sea Nitrate Deficit: Constraints from the Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Water Column Nitrate and Benthic Nitrate Fluxes”. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19. doi:10.1029/2005GB002508.